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Christian
Church
The
term Christian Church expresses the idea of Christianity
(the Christian religion) seen in its role as an institution.
The phrase "the Church" in its widest sense (as
"the Body of Christ") has a similar breadth.
In practice
the monolithic "Christian Church" has fragmented
almost from its beginnings. Over the centuries many individual
Christian churches have emerged, each functioning in their
own institutional manner and often viewing each other as
sectarian or heretical. Thus definitions of the one "true"
Christian Church may vary widely.
The
term Christian Church may also refer to particular denominations
within Christianity, especially the Christian Church (Disciples
of Christ), Independent Christian Churches/Churches of Christ
or the Christian Church of North America.
Christendom,
in the widest sense, refers to Christianity as a territorial
phenomenon: those countries where most people are Christians,
or nominal Christians, are part of Christendom.
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Christendom as a polity
In a more significant and meaningful sense, it refers to
the mediaeval and renaissance notion of the Christian world
as a sort of social and political polity. In essence, the
vision of Christendom is a vision of a Christian theocracy,
a government devoted to the enforcement of Christian values,
and whose institutions are suffused with Christian piety.
In this vision, members of the Christian clergy wield plenty
of political clout. Secular rulers are their subordinates
and agents; and national or political divisions are subsumed
under the unitary government of a unique and universal church
institution. This tempting vision of an earthly crown was
one of the greatest challenges to the institutional Christian
church.
The
seeds of Christendom were laid in A.D. 306, when Emperor
Constantine became co-ruler of the Roman Empire. In 312
he converted to Christianity, and in 325 Christianity became
the official religion of the Empire.
Christendom
was given a firmer meaning with the creation of Charlemagne's
kingdom, the Christian Empire of the West. On Christmas
Day, A.D. 800, Charlemagne was crowned by the Pope as ruler
of the Holy Roman Empire, a title which would exist up until
Napoleon's defeat of Francis II in 1806.
After
the collapse of Charlemagne's empire, Christendom became
a collection of states loosely connected to the Holy See.
Tensions between the popes and secular rulers ran high,
as the pontiffs attempted to retain control over their temporal
counterparts. The idea of Christendom was already greatly
discredited by the time of the Rennaissance Popes because
of the moral laxity of the pontiffs and their willingness
to make war, peace, and alliances like secular rulers.
Christendom
as a cohesive political unit effectively ended with the
Reformation. Christendom can also refer to Christians considered
as a group: The Christian World.
There
is another sense to the polity, with less of a secular meaning,
which would have been compatible with the idea of both a
religious and a temporal body: Corpus Christianum.
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Corpus Christianum
The Latin term Corpus Christianum is often translated as
the Christian body, meaning the community of all Christians.
It described
the pre-modern notion of the community of all Christians
united under the Catholic Church. This community was to
be guided by Christian values in its politics, economics
and social life. Its legal basis was the corpus iuris canonica
(body of canon law). The Church's overarching authority
over all European Christians in the Middle Ages and common
endeavours of the Christian community -- for example, the
Crusades and the defense against Moors in Spain and against
the Ottomans in the Balkans -- helped to develop this sense
of communal identity against the obstacle of Europe's deep
political divisions. The Corpus Christianum can be seen
as a Christian equivalent of the Muslim Ummah. The concept
also justified the Inquisition and anti-Jewish pogroms,
to root out divergent elements and create a religiously
uniform community.
This
concept has been in crisis since the late Middle Ages, when
the kings of France managed to establish a French national
church during the 14th century and the papacy became ever
more aligned with the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.
The Empire, due to its massive size, did represent a large
portion of European Christians. Thus the Corpus Christianum
was limited to the Christian community of the Empire, rather
than all Christians worldwide.
The
rise of Modernity and the Reformation during the early 16th
century deconstructed the Corpus Christianum even more.
The acceptance of different interpretations of the Bible
by the Peace of Augsburg in 1555 officially ended the idea
that all Christians could be united under one church. The
principle of cuius regio, eius religio ("whose the
region is, his religion") established the religious,
political and geographic divisions of Christianity. The
Corpus Christianum was replaced by something foreshadowing
the modern idea of a tolerant and diverse society consisting
of many different communities.
However,
under the motto of the clash of civilizations, the idea
might currently experience a revival, in order to help define
the West in contrast to other cultures.
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From
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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